Democratic Republic of the Congo

Rwanda

Military & Security

Politics

The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Rwandan-backed M23 rebel group signed an agreement in Doha, Qatar, to establish a ceasefire monitoring and verification mechanism, Bloomberg reported on Oct. 14. 

Congo, Rwanda: Congolese Government and M23 Establish Mechanism To Monitor Ceasefire

Joseph Kabila, who served president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2001 to 2019, has been sentenced to death in absentia by the high military court in Kinshasa, Jeune Afrique reported on Sept. 30.

Congo: Former President Kabila Sentenced to Death in Absentia

The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda issued a joint statement in which they agreed to begin implementing the security measures of their June peace agreement from October onward, Reuters reported on Sept. 25.

Congo, Rwanda: Kinshasa and Kigali To Begin Implementing Security Measures of June Peace Deal

Wazalendo militias issued a memo to Congolese President Felix Tshisekedi laying out a number of demands in return for their continued loyalty to the Congolese government, Radio France Internationale reported on Sept. 17.

Congo: Wazalendo Militias Issue Slew of Demands to Tshisekedi

Economics

The Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda agreed on a draft framework in which they pledged to work with the United States and other partners to de-risk private sector investments in their mineral supply chains, Reuters reported on Sept. 14, based on conversations with an unnamed source.

Congo: Government Reportedly Agrees on Draft Trade Framework for Minerals With Rwanda

Mozambique

Energy

Mozambican Defense Minister Cristovao Artur Chume is leading a delegation of high-ranking Mozambican defense officials to Rwanda for three days, during which he has already met with his counterpart, Juvenal Marizamunda, Club of Mozambique reported on Aug. 25.

Mozambique: Defense Minister's Trip to Rwanda Highlights Strengthening Security Partnership 

United States

Qatar

Qatar forwarded a draft peace deal to the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Rwandan-backed M23 that would involve a seven-month phased approach to resolving their conflict, Jeune Afrique reported on Aug. 18.

Congo: Qatar Forwards Draft Peace Deal With M23

Burundi

Kenya

Tanzania

Uganda

China

Tanzanian Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa and Burundian President Evariste Ndayishimiye inaugurated the start of works on a new $2.15 billion, 300-kilometer (about 186-mile) Standard Gauge Railway that will connect Tanzania's eastern city of Uvinza to the Burundian town of Musongati, The Chanzo reported on Aug. 17.

Tanzania: Government Kicks Off Construction of $2.15B Standard Gauge Railway to Burundi

Assessments

Europe

The Geopolitics of Trade

Global Trade

Persistent conflict and armed group control in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will sustain significant legal, financial and reputational pressures on companies sourcing critical minerals from the region for the foreseeable future.

The Geopolitics of Trade: Due Diligence and Congo's Critical Minerals

Central African Republic

Russia

Members of the Unity for Peace in the Central African Republic (UPC) rebel group gather at the DDR (disarmament, demobilization and reintegration) site in Maloum, the Central African Republic, on July 24. 2025.

The dissolution of key rebel groups and the reintegration of ex-fighters could stabilize the country after years of conflict, but the process will remain fragile amid funding challenges and potential attacks from non-signatories.

Central African Republic's New Peace Deal Holds Promise, but Challenges Persist

Snapshots

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio (C) speaks during a peace agreement signing ceremony between Congolese Foreign Minister Therese Kayikwamba Wagner (R) and Rwandan Foreign Minister Olivier Nduhungirehe in the Treaty Room of the State Department in Washington, D.C., on June 27, 2025. 

The peace agreement opens Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo up to significant economic opportunities, but disagreements over interpretation and continued proxy violence risk stalling the deal’s implementation.

A Fragile Peace Takes Shape Between Congo and Rwanda

Iran

Israel

Ukraine

Israeli air defense systems are activated to intercept Iranian missiles over the Israeli city of Tel Aviv early on June 18, 2025. 

Russia-Ukraine Conflict

A look at what the coming week will bring -- and a list of recommended RANE articles from the week that was.

The Weekly Rundown: Israel-Iran Conflict Rages On, NATO Holds Annual Summit

M23 fighters are seen at the main border crossing between the Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda in Goma on March 1, 2025.

Mediation efforts from the Trump administration will likely see the two African countries ink a peace deal in the coming months, but implementation will prove challenging, sustaining the risk of a new military escalation in eastern Congo.

U.S. Mediation Brings Congo and Rwanda Closer to a Peace Deal

Chad

Members of the M23 rebel group are seen in Bukavu, eastern Congo, after the takeover of the city on Feb. 20, 2025.

Burundi's reported troop withdrawal and Uganda's apparent unwillingness to intervene against the AFC/M23 rebel group will limit the immediate risk of an escalating interstate conflict, but this could change if the rebels start advancing toward central Congo.

Assessing the Risk of an Expanded Conflict in Congo

Ethiopia

Lebanon

Palestinian Territories

Sri Lanka

Damage on Feb. 13 in the Jabaliya refugee camp in northern Gaza.

Israel-Hamas Conflict

Social Issues

The Weekly Rundown: Mideast Ceasefires and Arab Gaza Proposals, the AU Summit

Angola

An M23 fighter stands in the foreground as detained Congolese soldiers are loaded onto trucks on Jan. 30, 2025, in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo. 

Unless the Congolese government agrees to enter direct talks, Rwanda-backed rebels will likely resume their advance toward the city of Bukavu, whose fall would expose Congo to mounting instability, including nationwide unrest and a potential military coup.

Fighting in Eastern Congo Reaches a Crossroads as Rebels Press Southward

Media

Podcasts

Essential Geopolitics: Increased Conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Canada

Mexico

United Kingdom

Trucks wait to enter United States on Nov. 26, 2024, at the Otay crossing port in Tijuana, Baja California state, Mexico.

The Weekly Rundown: Trump's Tariffs, Congo Braces for More Fighting in the East

A member of the M23 armed group walks alongside residents through a neighborhood in Goma, eastern Congo, on Jan. 27, 2025. 

The M23's entry into the eastern city will give Tshisekedi little choice but to engage in politically risky talks with the Rwanda-backed rebel group, or allow the conflict to expand and escalate.

M23 Advances in Goma Put Congo's President in a Tight Spot

South Sudan

A Rwandan soldier walks in front of a burned truck near Palma in Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado region on Sept. 22, 2021. 

Rwanda’s expanding troop deployments in other African countries seek to enhance its regional political and economic influence, but entail risks that could harm its operations and reputation.

Rwanda's Growing Military Influence in Africa: Opportunities and Risks

Rwanda is a landlocked African country located in Central and East Africa. It is bordered by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west.    The country is firmly ensconced in Africa's Great Lakes region, which is dominated by bodies of water, such as Lake Victoria, that have acted as regional trade and communication thoroughfares for centuries or longer. Rwanda thus shares some linguistic and cultural similarities with Uganda, Kenya, Burundi and other Great Lakes countries. These ties have helped fuel the development of the East African Community, an intergovernmental organization charged with greater integration among its members.    Rwanda's greatest challenge is twofold. First, it must manage its ethnic diversity. The ethnic cleavages that were developed and fostered under Belgian colonialism helped drive the country to one of the 20th century's worst genocides. Since 1994, the capital city of Kigali has clamped down on many forms of dissent in order to maintain internal order. A critical question going forward is if Rwanda's political system can reform and open up to foster deeper reconciliation in the years ahead.    Rwanda must also manage its landlocked position. With no access to the sea, Rwanda must manage the high costs of doing business, in terms of exports and imports, and remains dependent on maintaining good relations with its coastal neighbors. In order to mitigate these constraints, Rwanda has tried to turn itself into the "Singapore of Central Africa," improving its internal infrastructure and pushing for regional infrastructure projects to help link it to markets beyond.

SITUATION REPORTS

Congo, Rwanda: Congolese Government and M23 Establish Mechanism To Monitor Ceasefire

Congo: Former President Kabila Sentenced to Death in Absentia

Congo, Rwanda: Kinshasa and Kigali To Begin Implementing Security Measures of June Peace Deal

Congo: Wazalendo Militias Issue Slew of Demands to Tshisekedi

Congo: Government Reportedly Agrees on Draft Trade Framework for Minerals With Rwanda

Mozambique: Defense Minister's Trip to Rwanda Highlights Strengthening Security Partnership

Congo: Qatar Forwards Draft Peace Deal With M23

Tanzania: Government Kicks Off Construction of $2.15B Standard Gauge Railway to Burundi

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